Chapter Seven Storing Organizational Information - Database
Relational Database Fundamentals
- Database – maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)
- Database models include:
- Hierarchical database model – information is organized into a tree-like structure (using parent/child relationships) in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships
- Network database model – a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships
- Relational database model – stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables
RELATIONAL DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
- Information is everywhere in an organization
- Information is stored in databases
Ø Database – maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)
- Database models include;
Ø Hierarchical database model – information is organized into a tree-like structure (using parent/child relationships) in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships.
ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES
- Entity – a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored
Ø The rows in each table contains the entities
- Attributes (fields, columns) – characteristics or properties of an entity class
Ø The columns in each table contain the attributes
KEYS AND RELATIONSHIPS
- Primary keys and foreign keys identity the various entity classes (tables) in the database
Ø Primary key – a fields (or group of fields) that uniquely identities a given entity in a table
Ø Foreign key – a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationships among the two tables
RELATIONAL DATABASE ADVANTAGES
- Database advantages from a business perspective include;
Ø Increased flexibility
Ø Increased scalability and performance
Ø Reduced information redundancy
Ø Increased information integrity (quality)
Ø Increased information security
INCREASED FLEXIBILITY
- A well-designed database should;
Ø Handle changes quickly and easily
Ø Provide users with different views
Ø Have only one physical views
§ Physical view – deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device
Ø Have multiple logical views
§ Logical view – focuses on how users logically access information
INCREASED SCALABILITY AND PERFORMANCE
- A database must scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels
Ø Scalability – refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
Ø Performance – measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction
REDUCED INFORMATION REDUNDANCY
- Databases reduce information redundancy
Ø Redundancy – the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places
- Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information
INCREASED INFORMATION SECURITY
- Information is an organization asset and must be protected
- Databases offer several security features including;
Ø Password – provides authentication of the user
Ø Access level – determines who has access to the different types of information
Ø Access control – determines types of user access, such as read-only access
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- Database management systems (DBMS) – software through which users and application programs interact with a database
DATA-DRIVEN WEB SITES
- Data-driven Web sites – an interactive Web site kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of database
DATA-DRIVEN WEB SITE BUSINESS ADVANTAGES
- Development
- Content Management
- Future Expandability
- Minimizing Human Error
- Cutting Production and Update Costs
- More Efficient
- Improved Stability
DATA-DRIVEN BUSINESS INTELLIGENT
- BI in a data-driven Web site
INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
- Integration – allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other
Ø Forward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes
Ø Backward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes
- Entity – a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored
- The rows in each table contain the entities
- In Figure 7.1 CUSTOMER includes Dave’s Sub Shop and Pizza Palace entities
- Attributes (fields & columns) - characteristics or properties of an entity class
- The columns in each table contain the attributes
- In Figure 7.1 attributes for CUSTOMER include Customer ID, Customer Name, Contact Name
- Primary keys and foreign keys identify the various entity classes (tables) in the database
- Foreign key – a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables
- Primary key – a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
Potential Relational Database for Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Egypt
Relational Database Advantages
- Increased flexibility
- Increased scalability and performance
- Reduced information redundancy
- Increased information integrity (quality)
- Increased information security
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
- Database management systems (DBMS) – software through which users and application programs interact with a database
- Data-driven Web sites – an interactive Web site kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database
- Data Driven Web Site Advantages
- Development
- Content Management
- Future Expandability
- Minimizing Human Error
- Cutting Production and Update Costs
- More Efficient
- Improved Stability
- Data-Driven Business Intelligence
Integrating Information among Multiple Devices
- Integration – allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other
- Forward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes
- Backward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes
- Building a central repository specifically for integrated information
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